Optics - Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light.
(a) A triangular prism dispersing a beam of white light. The longer wavelengths (red) and the shorter wavelengths (blue) are separated.
(b) Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
(c) The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
Plane Mirror - A plane mirror is a mirror with a flat (planar) reflective surface. For light rays striking a plane mirror, the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. The angle of the incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the surface normal (an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface).
A plane mirror is made using some highly reflecting and polished surface such as a silver or aluminum surface in a process called silvering. Historically, mirrors were simply flat pieces of polished copper, obsidian, brass, or a precious metal. Mirrors made from liquid also exist, as the elements gallium and mercury are both highly reflective in their liquid state.
Ray Optics or Geometrical Optics
1. Ray Optics or Geometrical Optics In this optics, the
light is considered as a ray which travels in a straight line. It
states that for each and every object, there is an image.2. Reflection Reflection is the phenomenon of changing the path of light without any change in the medium.
3. Reflection of Light The returning back of light in the same medium from which it has come after striking a surface is called reflection of light.
4. Laws of Reflection
Two laws of reflection are given as below:
(i) The angle of incidence i is equal to the angle of reflection r.
i.e. ∠i = ∠r.
(ii) The incident ray, reflected ray and normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
Laws of reflection in practical video through animation
images formed by two plane mirrors inclined at an angle θ
5. Total number of images formed by two plane mirrors inclined at an angle θ with each other is given by
Click to watch the animation of mirror image formation
Briefly described through animated video to understand & clear all your doubt.
6. Reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a part of a hollow sphere. Spherical mirrors are of two types, (i) Concave spherical mirror (ii) Convex spherical mirror.
Practical video animation
7. Sign Convention All measurements should be taken from pole of mirror. All measurements along the direction of incident ray will be positive and opposite to incident ray are negative. All the measurements for the distances above the principal axis are taken as positive and below the principal axis are taken as negative.
Sign Convention rule
8. For a real object, u is negative whereas v is negative for real image and positive for virtual image.
9. Mirror Formula Mirror formula is a relation between focal length of the mirror and distances of objects and image from the mirror.
11. Linear Magnification The ratio of the size of the image formed by a spherical mirror I to the size of the object O is called the linear magnification produced by the spherical mirror.
12. Magnification (m) It is negative corresponding to real image and positive for virtual image.
13. Refraction The phenomenon of changing in the path of light as it goes from one medium to another is called refraction.
14. Laws of Refraction
Two laws of refraction are given as below:
(i) The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal to the refracting surface at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
(ii) The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant for the two given media. This constant is denoted by n and is called the relative refractive index.
n = sin i/sin r (Snell’s law)
where, n is refractive index of the second medium when first medium is air.
17. Total Internal Reflection (TIR) When a ray of light travelling from denser medium to rarer medium is incident at the interface of two medium at an angle greater than the critical angle for the two media, the ray is totally reflected back to denser medium. This phenomenon is called Total Internal Reflection. It occurs only when angle of incidence in denser medium is greater (not equal) than critical angle, i.e. i> ic.
18. Principle of reversibility of light states that when final path of a ray of light after any number of reflections and refractions is reversed, the ray retraces its entire path.
22. Optical fibre, mirage, sparkling of diamond, totally reflecting prism, etc. work on the principle of total internal reflection.
24. Lens is a transparent medium bounded by two surfaces of which one or both surfaces are spherical.
(i) Convex or Converging Lens A lens which is thicker at the centre and thinner at its end is called convex lens.
Convex lenses are of three types which are given as below:
(ii) Concave or Diverging Lens A lens which is thinner at the centre and thicker at its ends is called a concave lens.
Concave lenses are of three types which are given as below:
25. Lens maker’s formula
26. When lens of refractive index μ is immersed in a medium of refractive index μ, then
(i) When lens is taken in another medium, then focal length changes to fm which is given by
28. Power of Lens The ability of a lens to converge or diverge the rays of light incident on it is called the power of the lens.
29. Power of combination lenses in contact is given by
30. Magnification by combination of lenses
m = m1 × m2 × m3 ………..
31. (i) Prism have got the property of bending the incident light towards its base.
A prism is a portion of a transparent medium bounded by two plane faces inclined to each other at a suitable angle.
(ii) When the prism is adjusted at angle of minimum deviation, then
(a) angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence
31. Dispersion by a Prism The phenomenon of splitting of light into its component colours is known as dispersion.
Angular Dispersion Angular dispersion produced by a prism for white light is the difference in the angles of deviation for two extreme colours i.e. violet and red.
Dispersive Power Dispersive power of a prism is defined as the ratio of angular dispersion to the mean deviation produced by the prism.
33. Combining two thin prisms we can study two conditions
Read carefully and then comment if not understood.
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